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How do we think critically?
Critical thinking skills 
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“With the new day comes new strength and new thoughts. ”
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Someone with critical thinking skills can:
• understand the links between different ideas
• identify, judge and build arguments
• determine the importance and relevance of ideas and arguments
• identify errors and inconsistencies in reasoning
• approach problems in a consistent and orderly manner
• reflect on their own assumptions, beliefs and values
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https://www.skillsyouneed.com
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When we use critical thinking we:
• use a number different advanced thinking skills
• put focus on the thought itself, we look at how the arguments and facts are formed
• reflect on and question our own thinking processes
• are open minded and consider alternatives and other points of view
• look deeper and farther
• ask questions on: sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, fairness
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Useful questions
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We can train our critical thinking as any other muscle and doing so resilience and curiosity are key.
Here are some useful questions: |
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What are the issue and the conclusion?
• How can we define the problem?
• What is happening?
• What are keywords?
• Why is it important? Who would be affected by this?
• Who is the implied audience?
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What are the reasons?
• What are the main ideas?
• What is the relationship between this and that?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of this?
• What information am I missing?
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What are the assumptions?
• What are the underlying assumptions and values?
• How do you know what you think you know?
• How would your perspective be different if you were on the opposing side?
• What's another way to look at this?
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How good is the quality of the argument:
• Is opinion or bias present in the information?
• What is the author’s purpose for sharing this?
• Is the author a credible and with experience with this subject?
• Is it fact or is it opinion?
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Are there any fallacies in the reasoning?
• What exactly is the logical flaw in this reasoning?
• What is irrelevant or unnecessary, and can be ignored or discarded?
• What am I missing?
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How good is the evidence?
• Who is saying it?
• Is it accurate?
• Is it fact-based?
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Drawing Conclusions
• Do you agree or disagree — and why?
• What else? What if?
• What solutions can we create to this problem?
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Critical Thinking in a digital era
Critical thinking, images and media
“Whoever controls the media, the images, controls the culture.”
Allen Ginsberg
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In our culture today a huge proportion of the information
we are exposed to is:
◆ image-based not word-based
◆ screen-based not paper-based
We have to be aware on how the images affect us and use our critical thinking and take a second look.
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Online false information
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True or False (Fake News)
◆ “The internet is a wonderful repository of human knowledge, but it is also a vast and daunting sea of information. Being able to navigate it and making critical judgements on the quality of information you come across and whether to trust it are essential skills in the digital environment” - Dr Alison Pickard
◆ False information is news, stories or hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers
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Type of false information
How to spot false information
• Take a closer look
• Look beyond the headline
• Check other sources
• Check facts
• Check your biases
• Is it a joke?
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Media Literacy
• Media Literacy is the ability to identify different types of media and understand the messages they are sending and understand the reason why it was created.
• Media is not only newspapers, webpages, television and movies. It is also things like text messages, memes, viral videos, social media, video games, advertising and more.
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Digital Media Literacy
Digital media literacy addresses three types of online content:
• Misinformation, is false, but not created or shared with the intention of causing harm
•Malinformation, is based on a fact, but used out of context to mislead, harm or manipulate
• Disinformation, is deliberately created to mislead, harm or manipulate a person, social group, organization or country
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Key steps for digital media literacy
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